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Interesting Properties of Interesting Equations

Source: Iran 3rd round 2013 - final exam problem 7

9/25/2014
An equation P(x)=Q(y)P(x)=Q(y) is called Interesting if PP and QQ are polynomials with degree at least one and integer coefficients and the equations has an infinite number of answers in N\mathbb{N}. An interesting equation P(x)=Q(y)P(x)=Q(y) yields in interesting equation F(x)=G(y)F(x)=G(y) if there exists polynomial R(x)Q[x]R(x) \in \mathbb{Q} [x] such that F(x)R(P(x))F(x) \equiv R(P(x)) and G(x)R(Q(x))G(x) \equiv R(Q(x)). (a) Suppose that SS is an infinite subset of N×N\mathbb{N} \times \mathbb{N}.SS is an answer of interesting equation P(x)=Q(y)P(x)=Q(y) if each element of SS is an answer of this equation. Prove that for each SS there's an interesting equation P0(x)=Q0(y)P_0(x)=Q_0(y) such that if there exists any interesting equation that SS is an answer of it, P0(x)=Q0(y)P_0(x)=Q_0(y) yields in that equation. (b) Define the degree of an interesting equation P(x)=Q(y)P(x)=Q(y) by max{deg(P),deg(Q)}max\{deg(P),deg(Q)\}. An interesting equation is called primary if there's no other interesting equation with lower degree that yields in it. Prove that if P(x)=Q(y)P(x)=Q(y) is a primary interesting equation and PP and QQ are monic then (deg(P),deg(Q))=1(deg(P),deg(Q))=1.
Time allowed for this question was 2 hours.
algebrapolynomialalgebra unsolved