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National and Regional Contests
PEN Problems
PEN D Problems
21
21
Part of
PEN D Problems
Problems
(1)
D 21
Source:
5/25/2007
Determine the last three digits of
200
3
200
2
2001
.
2003^{2002^{2001}}.
200
3
200
2
2001
.
Euler
modular arithmetic
Congruences