MathDB
BMO Shortlist 2021 C4

Source: BMO Shortlist 2021

May 8, 2022
Balkanshortlist2021combinatoricsSequenceProcess

Problem Statement

A sequence of 2n+12n + 1 non-negative integers a1,a2,...,a2n+1a_1, a_2, ..., a_{2n + 1} is given. There's also a sequence of 2n+12n + 1 consecutive cells enumerated from 11 to 2n+12n + 1 from left to right, such that initially the number aia_i is written on the ii-th cell, for i=1,2,...,2n+1i = 1, 2, ..., 2n + 1. Starting from this initial position, we repeat the following sequence of steps, as long as it's possible:
Step 1: Add up the numbers written on all the cells, denote the sum as ss.
Step 2: If ss is equal to 00 or if it is larger than the current number of cells, the process terminates. Otherwise, remove the ss-th cell, and shift shift all cells that are to the right of it one position to the left. Then go to Step 1.
Example: (1,0,1,2,0)(1,0,1,0)(1,1,0)(1,0)(0)(1, 0, 1, \underline{2}, 0) \rightarrow (1, \underline{0}, 1, 0) \rightarrow (1, \underline{1}, 0) \rightarrow (\underline{1}, 0) \rightarrow (0).
A sequence a1,a2,...,a2n+1a_1, a_2,. . . , a_{2n+1} of non-negative integers is called balanced, if at the end of this process there’s exactly one cell left, and it’s the cell that was initially enumerated by (n+1)(n + 1), i.e. the cell that was initially in the middle.
Find the total number of balanced sequences as a function of nn.
Proposed by Viktor Simjanoski, North Macedonia