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Tremendous numbers

Source: 2023 IMOC A5

September 9, 2023
IMOCalgebrainequalities

Problem Statement

We can conduct the following moves to a real number xx: choose a positive integer nn, and positives reals a1,a2,,ana_1,a_2,\cdots, a_n whose reciprocals sum up to 11. Let x0=xx_0=x, and xk=xk1akx_k=\sqrt{x_{k-1}a_k} for all 1kn1\leq k\leq n. Finally, let y=xny=x_n. We said M>0M>0 is "tremendous" if for any xR+x\in \mathbb{R}^+, we can always choose n,a1,a2,,ann,a_1,a_2,\cdots, a_n to make the resulting yy smaller than MM. Find all tremendous numbers.
Proposed by ckliao914.